Eastern Philosophy: The Basics is an essential introduction to major Indian and Chinese philosophies, both past and present. Key New Confucians of the first generation are Xiong Shili and Fung Youlan. Over the centuries, Western Philosophy has strongly influenced and been influenced by Western religion, science, mathematics and politics. Philosophy majors and minors alike, if they hope to receive a well-rounded look at the diverse perspectives out there, need to look beyond the more familiar “Western” ideologies. http://www.ju.edu.jo; Mobile : +962 6 5355000-(22561 or 22563) info.elearning@ju.edu.jo Website: http://www.ju.edu.jo; Telephone : +962 6 5355000 ext: 22563; elearninghelp.staff@ju.edu.jo; elearninghelp.student@ju.edu.jo The contribution of the Jains in the development of Indian philosophy has been significant. It can be argued that Persian, Arabic and Jewish philosophies are much closer in nature to Western philosophy than Eastern, and the geographical and historical links are much closer. The central concern for these schools is the nature of and the relationship between Brahman (ultimate reality, universal consciousness), Ātman (individual soul) and Prakriti (empirical world). Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2014). Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press. Together with Zhang Junmai, the second generation published the New Confucian Manifesto in 1958. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, [and] infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and mantras in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance. History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). The influence of Marxism on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of Mao Zedong, the most famous thinker of Chinese Marxist Philosophy. Eastern Philosophy: The Basics is an essential introduction to major Indian and Chinese philosophies, both past and present.Exploring familiar metaphysical and ethical questions from the perspectives offered by a range of eastern philosophies, including Confucianism, Daoism, the main Buddhist and Hindu philosophical schools, as well as Jainism, this book covers key … It can be argued that Persian , Arabic and Jewish philosophies are much closer in nature to Western philosophy than Eastern, and the geographical and historical links are much closer. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu[128] while another influential movement is New Confucianism (Chinese: 新儒家; pinyin: xīn rú jiā). [31][32], Later developments include the development of Tantra and Iranian-Islamic influences. [101][102] This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools (Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism) as well as numerous less influential schools (Mohism, School of Names, School of Yin Yang). This cosmological unity is the main point in the journey of life as it goes towards the eternal realities. Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia including Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Sikh philosophy), Japanese philosophy, and Korean philosophy which are dominant in East and Southeast Asia. Lord Shang. Eastern Philosophy. Eastern Philosophy is expansive, beginning as far back as 5,000 years ago. Eastern Philosophy has always had a very similar goal to Western philosophy: that of making us wiser, less agitated, more thoughtful and readier to appreciate our lives. [48] The work also famously argues against a creator God (Ishvara),[49] a debate which became central to Hinduism in the medieval period. Confucianism (Kǒngjiào — "Confucius' doctrine"), also known as "Ruism" (Rújiào — "doctrine of the scholars"), is a Chinese philosophical system with ritual, moral, and religious applications. Yelle, Robert A. [88] Through the work of Dharmakirti, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and debate.[89]. [59] The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of atman, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism. Hansen, Chad. Chapter 1. There is still a widespread inclination to think that there is an unbridgeable chasm between Eastern and Western philosophy. Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass. The sub-traditions of Vedānta include Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), Dvaita (dualism), and Bhedabheda (difference and non-difference). [77] The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. Ancient Babylonian philosophy can be considered Eastern in some ways, but it almost certainly had a strong influence on Greek, particularly Hellenistic, philosophy. The current government of the People's Republic of China continues to espouse a pragmatic form of socialism as its official party ideology which it calls Socialism with Chinese characteristics. "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". Carl Jung's idea of synchronicity moves towards an Oriental view of causality, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the I Ching. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. [119] The first organized form of Taoism, the Tianshi (Celestial Masters') school arose in the 2nd century CE. [115] According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Sikhism is an Indian religion developed by Guru Nanak (1469–1539) in the Punjab region during the Mughal Era. Six Ideas from Eastern Philosophy. However, this is only an interpretation. Defoort, Carine. [46] Nyāya holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. "There is No Need for, Harrison, Victoria S; "Eastern Philosophy: The Basics, Introduction, Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism", Analytical philosophy in early modern India. Cambridge University Press. Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. [96] The first of these movements was that of the Brahmo Samaj of Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833). [130] A key figure of this movement is Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called mono no aware ("sorrow at evanescence").[131]. [61], Jain philosophy deals extensively with the problems of metaphysics, reality, cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and divinity. By Brian Yan 10C Conclusion Personally I like Eastern Philosophy more because of its different approach on viewing certain ideas and how you need both sides of an idea in the answer. Jainism also had its modern interpreters and defenders, such as Virchand Gandhi, Champat Rai Jain, and Shrimad Rajchandra (well known as a spiritual guide of Mahatma Gandhi). Pollard; Rosenberg; Tignor, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert (2011). p. 36. He was born into a warrior caste in Hindu society. [77][78] Ājīvika considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy. [13] Hinduism, with about one billion followers[14] is the world's third-largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. [33] The early modern period saw the flourishing of Navya-Nyāya (the 'new reason') under philosophers such as Raghunatha Siromani (c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, Jayarama Pancanana, Mahadeva Punatamakara and Yashovijaya (who formulated a Jain response). 2005. Cārvāka or Lokāyata was an atheistic philosophy of scepticism and materialism, who rejected the Vedas and all associated supernatural doctrines. Sāmkhya is a dualist philosophical tradition based on the Samkhyakarika (c. 320–540 CE),[41] while the Yoga school was a closely related tradition emphasizing meditation and liberation whose major text is the Yoga sutras (c. 400 CE). [42] Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can however be traced back to the period of the early Upanishads. Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning (pramana) and logic and investigated topics such as Ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta), reliable means of knowledge (epistemology, Pramanas), value system (axiology) and other topics. Gary Tartakov (2003). [120] The most important philosophers of this movement were He Yan, Wang Bi, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Ge Hong, and Guo Xiang. Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed. The last three categories are defined as budhyapekṣam (product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories. Summary Preface and Introduction. 297–314)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. A Neo-Buddhist movement was founded by the influential Indian Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform. Notable among these are: The term sometimes also includes Middle Eastern traditions of philosophical thought, including: The distinction between Western and Eastern is of course somewhat arbitrary and artificial, and in some respects even misleading. [93][94] Key concepts include Simran, Sewa, the Three Pillars of Sikhism, and the Five Thieves. Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. Eastern Philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Asia. [109] They were initially influenced by Mohist ideas. For example, Indian and Chinese philosophies are at least as distinct from each other as they are from Western Philosophy. [92], Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political ideology of North Korea, described by the regime as Kim Il-Sung's "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought". The study (of modern physics) produces insights into the nature of reality very similar to those produced by the study of eastern philosophy. Confucianism(儒學), developed around the teachings of Confucius(孔子) and is based on a set of Chinese classic texts. Yao, Xinzhong (2000). The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as Zhang Zhidong looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as “Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function” (Zhongti Xiyong).[126]. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self (anatta) arguments. Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the Kyoto School which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included Kitaro Nishida, Keiji Nishitani, Hajime Tanabe, and Masao Abe. [127] There were also attempts to incorporate Western ideas of democracy, and republicanism into Chinese political philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīmāṃsā, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (Dvaita "dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. (1951). Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms. The kernel of the Middle manner as a purely moral philosophy is bounded by the way of virtuousness which is called as the Eight Fold Path every bit good. ), 2. [66] It has also been called a model of philosophical liberalism for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies. Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass. [67] Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.[68]. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world and is traditionally called Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way";[15][16][17] beyond human origins. Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed 'Abhidharma'. pp. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which polemically criticized the Ajivikas. Xuanxue ("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the Yijing, Daodejing, and Zhuangzi and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE. Their ideas focused on the universality of Indian philosophy (particularly Vedanta) and the unity of different religions. [125], The Opium war of 1839–42 saw the beginning of Western and Japanese invasions and exploitation of China which was humiliating to Chinese thinkers. [121] Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity). [86] Key Buddhist concepts include the Four Noble Truths, Anatta (not-self) a critique of a fixed personal identity, the transience of all things (Anicca), and a certain skepticism about metaphysical questions. Rowena Robinson, ed. [87] The Dignāga (c. 480–540) school of Pramāṇa promoted a complex form of epistemology and Buddhist logic. Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. Meirokusha philosophers like Mori Arinori, Nishi Amane, and Fukuzawa Yukichi sought ways to combine Western ideas with Japanese culture and values. Nyāya traditionally accepts four Pramanas as reliable means of gaining knowledge – Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy) and Śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications. [58] Due to the popularity of the bhakti movement, Vedānta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period. It generally refers to the philosophical investigations that developed among various Buddhist schools in India and later spread throughout Asia through the silk road. Bertrand Russell announces his purpose, which is to show philosophy is part of the fabric of social and political life. [28][29][30] Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the Arthashastra c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the Kama Sutra. ), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. [79] Ājīvikas were atheists[80] and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in every living being is an ātman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism. Mo also advocated impartial meritocracy in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban proletariat and Leninist emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms. [75], Ājīvika was founded by Makkhali Gosala, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism. Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). Later Vaiśeṣikas (Śrīdhara and Udayana and Śivāditya) added one more category abhava (non-existence). In response, Ouyang Min argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from zhexue, which is what the Chinese have,[140] even though zhexue (originally tetsugaku) is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by Nishi Amane for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism. Life is round, and the recurrence with everything around it is important. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. Using What I Know. Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy,[138] while Rein Raud has presented an argument[139] against it and offered a more flexible definition of philosophy that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). "Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. It has a great influence on the countries of East Asia including Chin… Buddhist philosophy begins with the thought of Gautama Buddha (fl. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. Under the term "the East" we should understand primarily Asia, including such countries as China, India and Japan. Since the 'discovery' of eastern philosophy by western explorers and scholars in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, there has been an arbitrary division maintained, especially in colleges and universities, between 'western philosophy' and 'eastern philosophy' as though these two systems present radically different views of the world. Hengy Chye Kiang 1999. p.v44. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. [103] The tradition developed around the teachings of Confucius (Kǒng Fūzǐ, 孔夫子, "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE) who saw himself as transmitting the values and theology of the ancestors before him. exemplified by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta. Another influential modern Chinese philosopher was Hu Shih, who was a student of John Dewey at Columbia University and who promoted a form of pragmatism. 240–261, 270–273. The development of physics in the twentieth century already has transformed the consciousness of those involved with it. Neo-Confucianism is a later further development of Confucianism but also went much more differently from the origin of Confucianism. This is because in Asia there is no single unified philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time. Mahayana philosophers such as Nagarjuna and Vasubandhu developed the theories of Shunyata (emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or transcendental idealism. [122], Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the Shangqing school during the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Lingbao school during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and the Quanzhen School which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the Yuan dynasty. (1963). Basham, A.L. Fung, Yiu-ming (2008), "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia", in Richey, Jeffrey, Teaching Confucianism, Oxford University Press. pp. It has often been described as an ascetic movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities, and renunciation. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyaranya for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions. [17] Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion[note 2] or synthesis[18][note 3][18] of various Indian cultures and traditions,[19][20][21] with diverse roots[22][note 4] and no single founder. The BIGGEST single difference is this: Eastern philosophy is descriptive and (by the way) not well differentiated from Eastern religion; it is maybe just the same thing, from a slightly more cerebral point of view. The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang was another philosophical school that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements; Zou Yan is considered the founder. These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label Hinduism. [142], Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy, Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" (, Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi; "Eastern philosophy" (2005). For exaxmple i have learnt that Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability. (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1964. pp. In the Introduction to "Eastern Philosophy: The Basics", Victoria S. Harrison notes that this definition of "Eastern philosophy" is common in the academy and that this is because the Islamic tradition is deeply tied with Hellenic philosophy and Western philosophy and cannot be lumped into the same category as Chinese and Indian thought. [71] They declared the Vedas to be incoherent rhapsodies invented by humans whose only usefulness was to provide a livelihood to priests. Philosophy’s Influence On Education. The Kural literature of c. 1st century BCE, written by the Tamil poet-philosopher Valluvar, is believed by many scholars to be based on Jain philosophies. [65] Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. Jain philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Moksa, Samsara, and the like are common with other Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism in various forms. Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as Heaven (Tiān 天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods (shén). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with Chinese Buddhism, had a direct influence on the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere. Since you are already here then chances are that you are looking for the Daily Themed Crossword Solutions. It has been argued that the essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things, which are inseparable parts of a cosmic whole. Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. [45] Nyāya also traditionally defended a form of philosophical realism.[47]. He anticipated that the Upanishads (primary Hindu scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. AIMS OF PHILOSOPHY • Cosmological unity • Behavioral ethics • Relationship with religion • Social integration • Intuition over intellect • Collectivism • Self improvement • Find inner self • Find balance in human life • Spiritual approach Western philosophy, history of Western philosophy from its development among the ancient Greeks to the present.. This tradition contributed to what has been called an "epistemological turn" in Indian philosophy. Stay in touch Contact Info. [124], Modern Chinese thought is generally seen as being rooted in Classical Confucianism (Jingxue), Neo-Confucianism (Lixue), Buddhism, Daoism, and Xixue (“Western Learning” which arose during the late Ming Dynasty). Summary The influence of East on West - of Eastern ideas on Western thought - has become an increasingly vexed issue since the 1970s. P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press. It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought. Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech, eds. [117], Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the School of Naturalists and the I Ching. The attainment of immortality through external alchemy (waidan) and internal alchemy (neidan) was an important goal for many Taoists historically. Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the Kyoto School of philosophers, who combined the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. Eastern philosophy 1. Very broadly speaking, according to some commentators, Western society strives to find and prove "the truth", while Eastern society accepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the balance. Influences On Philosophy. William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include Anagarika Dharmapala (1864–1933) and the American convert Henry Steel Olcott, the Chinese modernists Taixu (1890–1947) and Yin Shun (1906–2005), Zen scholar D.T. [27], Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the Upanishads of the later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE). Students' Britannica India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica, Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), Hinduism. [52], Mīmāṃsā is a school of ritual orthopraxy and is known for its hermeneutical study and interpretation of the Vedas. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was Yan Fu (1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Mill's On Liberty. Arguments of an Implicit Debate", Ouyang Min. ), URL = <. Buddhist philosophy. In China, new developments were led by thinkers such as Xuangzang who authored new works on Yogacara, Zhiyi who founded the Tiantai school and developed a new theory of Madhyamaka and Guifeng Zongmi who wrote on Huayan and Zen. The Nyāya school of epistemology explores sources of knowledge (Pramāṇa) and is based on the Nyāya Sūtras (circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE). There were two major philosophical trends during this period. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. Western Philosophy. 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