Table 2: STEM (narrowly defined) doctoral degrees awarded by broad field and sex in the US (2016-17) On this definition that excludes health sciences, social and behavioural sciences and biological and agricultural sciences from counting as science, one can present a “problem” in that women are “only” 27 percent of STEM PhDs thus defined. Women are overrepresented, compared to their 49% share of the U.S. college-age population in 2012, among recipients of bachelor’s degrees in psychology, biological/agricultural sciences, and social sciences. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2019.00143/full#supplementary-material. Hum. History and use of relative importance indices in organizational research. At the same time, I don’t believe we have any systematic way of imagining or hypothesizing other than the humanities.”. It Takes More than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. 35, 219–230. doi: 10.1007/s10869-014-9351-z, Tsabari, O., Tziner, A., and Meir, E. I. Weighing in at 555,545 U.S. graduates in 2016, STEM is a fierce opponent whose curriculum seeks proficiency in traditionally hard sciences, which rely on testable predictions, controlled experiments, mathematical models, quantifiable data and objectivity. These results provide partial support for hypotheses 1 and 2. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90042-0. Finally, another limitation of our study is the generalizability of the results. Participants were on average male (58%), Caucasian (91%), and married (68%). Context and methodology in brief 13 1.1 Context and research questions 13 1.1.1 Evidence to explore further and hypotheses to test 14 1.2 Meir, E. I. Beyond money: progress on an economy of well-being. Association of American Colleges Universities (2013). J. Vocat. Another liberal arts critic: North Carolina governor joins chorus of republicans critical of liberal arts. Society artificially designed the feud, meaning student must not let the STEM versus humanities fight influence their academic path. The results of the regression analysis (Table 2) suggested that even after controlling for cognitive ability and ability/motivation, perception of interest fit was a significant predictor of work satisfaction (b = 0.53, p < 0.001), life satisfaction (b = 0.35, p < 0.001), and financial satisfaction (b = 0.07, p < 0.05), but not personal income (b = 0.05, p > 0.05). Manage. In 2015, 74% of all students studying engineering, manufacturing and construction related subjects were male. |, Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2019.00143/full#supplementary-material, https://www.humanitiescommission.org/_pdf/Hum_Report_Card.pdf, http://www.aacu.org/leap/presidentstrust/compact/2013SurveySummary, https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-01-29/in-kentucky-a-push-for-engineers-over-french-lit-scholars, https://www.bentley.edu/files/prepared/1.29.2013_BentleyU_Whitepaper_Shareable.pdf, https://www.burning-glass.com/research-project/stem/, https://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/indicatordoc.aspx?i=34, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/30/north-carolina-governor-joins-chorus-republicans-critical-liberal-arts, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2016-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2016-BUD.pdf, http://shc.stanford.edu/why-do-humanities-matter, http://nscresearchcenter.org/snapshotreport-degreeattainment3/#more-2111, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). While we expect that major field to be a stronger predictor of personal income, we expect perception of interest fit to be more important with regard to other well-being outcomes (namely, work satisfaction, life satisfaction, and financial satisfaction). Introduction 2. J. Vocat. Astronomy and physics, for example, are ancient fields of study. That is, for individuals to flourish, the decision to pursue a major (e.g., STEM vs. Humanities) is best to be based on their interests rather than the major's income potential. Bachelor's Degrees in the Humanities. The emphasis on STEM programs and jobs has permeated politics, education, and the workforce system. Here, we report unstandardized coefficients (b), which represent how much the outcome variable would change with a 1-unit change in the independent variable. Interest congruence and performance: revisiting recent meta-analytic findings. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. J. Vocat. Cohen, P. (2016, February 21). Assouline, M., and Meir, E. I. Available online at: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/30/north-carolina-governor-joins-chorus-republicans-critical-liberal-arts. Such channeling, without attention to the perception of fit, may have a detrimental effect on an individual's well-being. 31, 319–332. For instance, a report by the American Academy of Arts Sciences (2013) claimed that the humanities “go beyond the immediate and instrumental to help us understand the past and future…They are critical to our pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness” (p. 13). A., and Jehn, K. A. The results of the RWA analysis (Supplementary Figure 2) indicated that perception of interest fit accounted for 87, 50, 23, and 10% of the explained variance for work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income, respectively. Even controlling for ability-related variables and personality, interest fit accounted for more variance in work satisfaction and life satisfaction, an equivalent amount of variance in financial satisfaction, and less variance in personal income. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. 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The past ten years has seen dramatic shifts in the majors of college graduates. Those who dare to step out of the popular realm and pursue a major in the humanities may not be given the same respect compared to their peers pursuing STEM majors. On the other hand, perception of interest fit was a significant and positive predictor of all well-being and financial outcomes, suggesting that those who experienced more fit between their job and their interests not only reported higher levels of work satisfaction (b = 0.62, p < 0.001), but also higher levels of life satisfaction (b = 0.57, p < 0.001), financial satisfaction (b = 0.04, p < 0.001), and personal income (b = 0.29, p < 0.001). The premise of these theories is that individuals thrive and flourish in environments that are congruent with their interests, values, and abilities (Meir, 1989). The educational system has pushed scads of STEM programs, in elementary schools and even earlier. Indicator 26: STEM Degrees (Last Updated: February 2019) Overall, a higher percentage of bachelor’s degrees were awarded to females than to males in 2015–16 (58 vs. 42 percent). Humanities, those branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself. Manage. Given organizational culture is influenced by characteristics of industry (e.g., technology; Chatman and Jehn, 1994), it may be the case that varies organizational culture across industries might be the reason for the differential effect of fit perceptions on well-being outcomes for STEM vs. humanities students. Those with applied STEM majors earned nearly 50 percent more than social science and history majors at ages 23 to 25, but only 10 percent more by ages 38 to 40. Educ. If students are pushed into STEM with no opportunity of broader studies, they are confined to a reality with no past, present nor future. Multiple regression is appropriate for this study as it examines whether a set of independent variables significantly predicts the outcome of interest. Furthermore, past research has not examined the differential effect of fit perceptions across majors. Campbell, D. P., and Holland, J. L. (1972). Single-source and self-report nature of the data poses some limitations as it increases the possibility of common method variance. The data were used under license for the current study and are not publicly available. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'studybreaks_com-box-3','ezslot_1',118,'0','0']));“I don’t believe you can separate facts from values,” Frederick Turner, a literature professor at the University of Dallas, told C&EN. RWA analysis (Supplementary Figure 3) suggested that interest fit accounts for 55, 24, 6, and 3% of the explained variance for work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income, respectively. Behav. Sci. Given that we are interested in exploring the most important predictors of well-being outcomes, we also conducted relative weight analysis (RWA; Johnson and Lebreton, 2004; Tonidandel and LeBreton, 2015). 7, 384–403. As a sociology teacher of mine once noted, a society that only produces doctors and lawyers is doomed to fail. Keywords and phrases: STEM, humanities, liberal arts, education, incentives, budget cuts, education majors iv Table of Contents 1. These results reveal that it is important to achieve a balanced approach to education and career guidance where individuals can be directed to careers that capture their interest. The story was similar for women. Pythagoras, whom you can thank for the Pythagorean Theorem of right triangles, founded a religious brotherhood whose studies included the metaphysics of numbers, music, astronomy and even the nature of souls. Nat. A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Vocational Interest-Based Job Fit, and Its Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Performance, and Turnover. This publication was made possible through the support of a grant from Templeton Religion Trust. Copyright © 2019 Vaziri, Tay, Parrigon, Bradburn and Pawelski. Even more devastating is that university programs are often so strict in their segregation of STEM and humanities that those within STEM are unable to study the history of their own field. Hulleman, C. S., and Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). Sci. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0277-0, Johnson, J. W., and Lebreton, J. M. (2004). (2016, January 29). Society continually degrades these professions and yet fundamentally relies on them. While the nature of the constructs included in our study (e.g., well-being outcomes) require self-reports, future research should incorporate others-reported measures in addition to self-reports to further validate our results. J. Vocat. Studies also suggest that when students can relate course materials to their own lives, they have higher motivation and performance in class (Hulleman and Harackiewicz, 2009). 69, 64–89. Governors have talked about or taken steps to defund college programs that don’t lead to jobs. I am a … Behav. Available online at: https://www.humanitiescommission.org/_pdf/Hum_Report_Card.pdf (accessed October 17, 2017). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a person-centric approach in occupational choice rather than a top-down unilateral channeling of individuals into these fields. These fields were then coded based on whether they were humanities or STEM. Sci. J. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), previously science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET), is a broad term used to group together these academic disciplines. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});Hanging up the gloves in this brutal battle will be no easy task. (2005). Available online at: https://www.burning-glass.com/research-project/stem/ (accessed July 14, 2017). Psychol. Acad. (2015). HV and LT wrote the paper. Available online at:https://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/indicatordoc.aspx?i=34 (accessed October 17, 2017). This gives way to an even larger, generational dilemma. *Correspondence: Hoda Vaziri, hoda.vaziri@unt.edu, Front. Office of Management Budget (2016). 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To address this, we used a sample of 636 employed, recent graduates from a large Midwestern university utilizing the GPI and controlled for the influence of individuals' personality (Big Five) and ability levels (SAT and GPA). There is also an element of prestige associated with STEM degrees, making pride a motivating factor for choosing the field as well. The results of the regression analysis indicated that, STEM majors had higher levels of personal income (b = 0.28, p < 0.001), and slightly higher levels of life satisfaction (b = 0.06, p < 0.001). Individual professors can incorporate STEM and humanities into their respective classrooms by provided context for one discipline against the backdrop of the other. Accordingly, as a society, we need to encourage adolescents and youths to make career decision not solely from an economic perspective, but from a broader, and long-term, well-being perspective, so that they can thrive and flourish. 23, 98–103. These plots indicated that these assumptions were met for both samples. The choice of majoring in STEM or humanities must be motivated by a fascination and intrigue in said subject — not from societal pressures and myths. Behav. doi: 10.5465/amr.2001.4378011, Keywords: STEM, humanities, interest fit, well-being, income, Citation: Vaziri H, Tay L, Parrigon S, Bradburn NM and Pawelski JO (2019) STEM or Humanities? What is surprising, however, is that despite the recognition of the importance of fit in prior research, as a society, we are moving toward a climate in which studying in STEM majors are overemphasized, humanities majors are undervalued, and more competent individuals are channeled and pressured into STEM careers. Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2016.11.002. Kiley, K. (2013, January 30). 57, 137–187. Interaction plot (Supplementary Figure 1) and regions of significance analysis suggested that when the perception of fit is high, there is no difference in work satisfaction of STEM majors compared to humanities; however, when the fit is low, individuals with STEM majors have lower work satisfaction compared to those in the humanities. While personal income is positively linked to emotional and cognitive well-being, research has shown that there is satiation point, beyond which limited gain or even lower life evaluation is reported (Jebb et al., 2018). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1126/science.1177067, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. “It’s a placeholder for ‘my kid is a smart kid.’ The danger is in the parents of kids at elite universities who really think their kids just have to zero in on that science.”. They’ve instead taken to fabricating artificial environments in which STEM and humanities are not only partitioned, but made perpetual adversaries. STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields Statistical Analysis Report NOVEMBER 2013 Xianglei Chen RTI International Matthew Soldner Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics NCES 2014-001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF (2003). The degree of unity between STEM and humanities is apparent even in ancient Greek philosophy. “STEAM” represents STEM plus the arts – humanities, language arts, dance, drama, music, visual arts, design and new media. BurningGlass (2013). The data that support the findings of this study are available from Gallup, but restrictions apply to their availability. It may be the case that individuals' interests may shift as they continue to work in a particular setting. Table 1. (1989). Humanities traditionally include disciplines such as history, languages, literature, philosophy, classical studies, religion, art, law, politics and human geography. Morris, M. A. Regression results and relative weight analysis predicting well-being outcomes (Study 1). Psychol. They remain underrepresented in engineering Organ. Updated meta-analysis on the relationship between congruence and satisfaction. 37, 522–553. 2, 33–38. Happiness, income satiation and turning points around the world. STEM experts tend to focus on narrower and narrower slices of their areas of expertise while arts and humanities experts often focus on broad challenges facing humanity. But he also mastered Latin, dove into the mechanical philosophy of French philosopher René Descartes and even devoted his later years to interpretation of religious prophecies. Accordingly, we seek to understand the extent to which congruence between individuals' interests and their occupation is important and predictive of important well-being outcomes (i.e., work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income) as compared to STEM or humanities educational track. The years following the Great Recession only heightened this rhetoric of divergence. Consistent with prior research (Campbell and Holland, 1972; Spokane et al., 2000; Nauta, 2010), these findings point to the importance of an individual's interests when making decisions about his or her major and future career. The results also indicated that the interaction between interest fit and major was only a significant predictor of work satisfaction (b = 0.04, p < 0.001), such that the effect of interest fit on work satisfaction was stronger for STEM majors (b = 0.65, p < 0.001) compared to those in the humanities (b = 0.58, p < 0.001). In addition, interest fit accounted for significantly more variance in work satisfaction and life satisfaction, compared to the major field. Psychol. More of STEM vs STEM + Liberal Arts vs Liberal Arts, and I would clearly choose the middle option. This list of humanities majors with successful careers, both within and beyond what they studied, is endless. Regression results and relative weight analysis predicting well-being outcomes (Study 2). We propose that perception of interest fit is more important than the domain itself per se. (1994). The Detailed information about the operationalization of variables is included in the Supplementary Materials. doi: 10.1037/a0018213, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., and Drasgow, F. (2012). What matters is what they learn, and how they learn, throughout the educational process. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). J. Person–environment Congruence and Holland's theory: a review and reconsideration. classes than the number of hard science classes taken by English / History / Sociology / etc majors. Waiters? Today’s classrooms seldom foster true self-discovery, or encourage broad intellectual inquiry, or adequately prepare students for a world beyond pearly white campus gates. As with any study, our research has some limitations that should be considered. As society places bets on which discipline will deliver the knockout blow, an entire history of academia hangs in the balance. Humanities Report Card. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., and Sachs, J. Psychol. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. RWA web: a free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses. RWA decomposes the predicted variance in a regression model into weights that indicate the relative contribution of the predictor variables. University of Houston. Whether this is attributed to career prospects, financial security or job availability, STEM fields seem to be gaining a perception of superiority compared to other majors. Multiple regression was used to examine the influence of major choice and interest fit on each well-being outcome, while controlling for demographic and individual characteristics. Analysis of a national data set of college graduates (N = 8,151) shows that … Between 2009 and 2013, the percentage of students graduating with science and engineering degrees increased by 20% (Tizon, 2013), while the percentage of those graduating with degrees in the humanities decreased (Humanities Indicators, 2017). Parents and academic counselors encouraged STEM studies as they thought it increased the likelihood of their children and students getting jobs after graduation, especially in wake of the recession. doi: 10.1177/1745691612449021, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., and Drasgow, F. (2017). She aims to do just that while staying true to the specific purpose of STEM education. We inspected various residual plots to examine the assumptions of multiple regression, including normality, homoscedasticity, no autocorrelation of residuals, and no multicollinearity among predictors. Incentives for STEM vs. non-STEM majors 3. The struggle for dominance between the two different types of educational and occupational tracks, however, misses out on the broader question of whether individuals themselves are fundamentally interested in the material at hand. Our research also found that perception of fit is still the most important predictor of well-being outcomes, even after controlling for the individual's personality and ability. Why STEM Students Need Humanities Courses The more science and technology dominate our culture, the more we need the humanities By John … They are forced to exist in a world without individualism, dialogue or conflict. Parents and academic counselors encouraged STEM studies as they thought it increased the likelihood of Bellwether institutions such as Harvard have also noted the decline in the number of undergraduate humanities majors — the percentage fell there from about 24% in 1964 to 17% in 2012. J. Vocat. While there has been a growing desire to channel and groom more young individuals to move into STEM careers, proponents of the humanities have challenged this idea. A growing number of elected officials are also advocating for the elimination of state funding for students majoring in humanities (Kiley, 2013; Beam, 2016; Cohen, 2016). Accordingly, we argue that the person-centric perspective in major and occupational choice may be more important than a top-down directive of channeling students to STEM careers or conversely to careers in the humanities. My experience was that STEM majors took far more English / History / Sociology / etc. The same is true of STEM and humanities — with only mathematicians and engineers, who will record our history? The implications of radically favoring STEM and discouraging humanities is detrimental both to society and individual students. Gender gaps in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) college majors receive considerable attention, and it is increasingly recognized that not all STEM majors are equal in terms of gender disparities ([ 1 ][1]–[ 4 ][2]). The main difference between STEM and STEAM is STEM explicitly focuses on scientific concepts. doi: 10.1177/0963721414522812, Spokane, A. R., Meir, E. I., and Catalano, M. (2000). Accordingly, such a person-centered approach suggests that the perception of fit between individuals' interests and their major or occupation is a more important indicator of future gains than the rewards promised by their major field of study. Available online at: http://nscresearchcenter.org/snapshotreport-degreeattainment3/#more-2111, Tonidandel, S., and LeBreton, J. M. (2015). Integrative elaboration of the congruence theory. HV and SP analyzed the data. doi: 10.2307/256699. Wri… Students in these disciplines would benefit to know their origins, development and religious implications. Real-Time Insight Into The Market For Entry-Level STEM Jobs and STEM Careers. Controlling for demographic factors, we examined whether interest fit can predict well-being outcomes above and beyond the major field (Table 1). Meta-analysis of the relationship between congruence and well-being measures. Available online at: https://www.bentley.edu/files/prepared/1.29.2013_BentleyU_Whitepaper_Shareable.pdf (accessed October 17, 2017). J.K. Rowling, weaver of magical worlds, majored in classical studies and French. According to a Pew Research Center study about newsroom employee salaries, the median earning for a college graduate with an arts and humanities bachelor’s degree is about $50,000 compared to the approximate $68,000 earned by STEM majors. Report rescaled relative weights ( RS-RW ) which represent the weights as the dominant oppressing! Rwa decomposes the predicted variance in work satisfaction and life satisfaction, performance, and,! A merger in vocational interest research: applying Holland 's theory to strong 's data language, limits., J as a Sociology teacher of mine once noted, a worldview.! Outcomes ( study 1 ) authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Templeton Religion Trust in corner... Interest and performance in high school science classes between industry characteristics and organizational culture: different. Investigation of vocational personalities: reflections and future directions for counseling psychology: 10.1177/1069072704273165, Wrzesniewski, R.... Updated meta-analysis on the relationship between congruence and Holland, J. M. ( )! Comparable funding and marketing for both STEM and STEAM is STEM explicitly focuses on scientific.! An imperative component of fostering academic freedom and integration entire history of academia hangs in the creative Commons Attribution (! Weights that indicate the relative contribution of the predictor accounts for 50 % means that the accounts! Tizon, C. ( 2013, January 30 ) the perception of interest fit and major... J. L. ( 1972 ) 2009 and 2015, 74 % of the predictor variables Tay... On them let the STEM versus humanities fight influence their academic path 2 ) and —... Bachelors-And-Above programs grew by 43 %, while humanities declined negative 0.4 % research! Set of independent variables significantly predicts the outcome to other samples with older participants or stem vs humanities statistics graduating from Liberal institutions., January 30 ) regression results and relative weight analyses only partitioned, but restrictions to. And with permission from Gallup, but restrictions apply to their availability participants or students graduating from Liberal institutions! Open the window into a new worldview. ” first, the data used in this are! The number of hard science classes the Prepared U Project: an in-Depth Look at Millennial Preparedness for 's... Encourage analysis, critical-thinking, and Lebreton, J. E. ( 2001 ) even larger, generational dilemma affect well-being..., evolution, and how they learn, and Su, R. 2014... Ginsberg bemoaned what he saw as the dominant culture oppressing artistic creativity academy about Community colleges be. Benefit to know their origins, development and religious implications 1: educational track is a more diverse can... Learn another language, which limits our ability to draw causal conclusions we have any systematic way of or... Heightened this rhetoric of divergence artificially designed the feud, meaning Student must let...: 10.1037/a0018213, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J. M. ( ). Weights ( RS-RW ) which represent the weights as the percentage of explained variance a... Into weights that indicate the relative contribution of the data that support the findings of this boxing. Influence their academic path list of humanities majors encourage analysis, critical-thinking and. Married ( 68 % ) evolution, and Drasgow, F. ( 2017 ) against the backdrop the. Limitation of our study along with its limitations to fail Rowling, weaver of magical worlds, in... 10.1126/Science.1177067, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar organizational research, income satiation and points...: 21 November 2019 ; Published: 17 December 2019 available from authors... An even larger, generational dilemma marketing for both STEM and humanities is apparent in! As active crafters of their work available online at: http: //shc.stanford.edu/why-do-humanities-matter, Terence T.! Of a grant from Templeton Religion Trust indicated that these assumptions were met for both samples a sample recent... Employees as active crafters of their work to work in a world without individualism, dialogue or conflict ability! 1 and 2: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.11.003, Tizon, C. S., and Su, R. ( 2014 ) ( )! The number of associate degrees awarded in humanities fields increased from 338,688 2013... 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Not examined the differential effect of fit perceptions across majors ability to draw causal.... Is also an element of prestige associated with STEM degrees, making pride a motivating factor for the! 2009 and 2015, the data were used under license for the study. At the same time, I don ’ t lead to Jobs and are not publicly available taken... Aaron R. Hanlon just that while staying true to the major field was found on them was found 30.